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A phase shift module is a microwave network module which provides a controllable phase shift of the RF signal.cite-ref-1[1]cite-ref-2[2]cite-ref-3[3] Phase shifters are used in phased arrays.cite-ref-4[4]cite-ref-5[5]cite-ref-6[6]

• Classification

• Active versus passive

• Analog versus digital

• Frequency band

• One-conductor or dielectric transmission line versus two-conductor transmission line

• Reciprocal versus non-reciprocal

• Technology

• Design

• Figures of merit

• References

• External links

Active phase shifters provide gain, while passive phase shifters are lossy.

• Active:

• Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)

• Gain: The phase shifter amplifies while phase shifting

• Noise figure (NF)

• Reciprocity: not reciprocal

• Passive:

• Applications: active electronically scanned array (AESA), passive electronically scanned array (PESA)

• Loss: the phase shifter attenuates while phase shifting

• NF: NF = loss

• Reciprocity: reciprocal

• Analog phase shifters provide a continuously variable phase shift or time delay.cite-ref-7[7]

• Digital phase shifters provide a discrete set of phase shifts or time delays. Discretization leads to quantization errors. Digital phase shifters require parallel bus control.

• Differential, single-ended or waveguide:

• Differential transmission line: A differential transmission line is a balanced two-conductor transmission line in which the phase difference between currents is 180 degrees. The differential mode is less susceptible to common mode noise and cross talk.

• Antenna selection: dipole, tapered slot antenna (TSA)

• Examples: coplanar strip, slotline

• Single-ended transmission line: A single-ended transmission line is a two-conductor transmission line in which one conductor is referenced to a common ground, the second conductor. The single-ended mode is more susceptible to common-mode noise and cross talk.

• Antenna selection: double folded slot (DFS), microstrip, monopole

• Examples: CPW, microstrip, stripline

• Waveguide

• Antenna selection: waveguide, horn

• One-conductor or dielectric transmission line (optical fibre, finline, waveguide):

• Modal

• No TEM or quasi-TEM mode, not TTD or quasi-TTD

• Higher-order TE, TM, HE or HM modes are distorted

• Two-conductor transmission line (CPW, microstrip, slotline, stripline):

• Differential or single-ended

• TEM or quasi-TEM mode is TTD or quasi-TTD

• Phase shifters versus TTD phase shifter

• A phase shifter provides an invariable phase shift with frequency, and is used for fixed-beam frequency-invariant pattern synthesis.

• A TTD phase shifter provides an invariable time delay with frequency, and is used for squint-free and ultra wideband (UWB) beam steering.

• Reciprocal: T/R

• Non-reciprocal: T or R

• Non semi-conducting (ferrite, ferro-electric, RF MEMS, liquid crystal):

• Passive

• Semi-conducting (RF CMOS, GaAs. SiGe, InP, GaN or Sb):

• Active: BJT or FET transistor based MMICs, RFICs or optical ICs

• Passive: PIN diode based hybrids

• Loaded-line:

• Distortion:

• Distorted if lumped

• Undistorted and TTD if distributed

• Reflect-type:

• Applications: reflect arrays (S11 phase shifters)

• Distortion:

• Distorted if S21 phase shifter, because of 3 dB coupler

• Undistorted and TTD if S11 phase shifter

• Switched-network

• Network:

• High-pass or low-pass

• π π {\displaystyle \pi } or T

• Distortion:

• Undistorted if the left-handed high-pass sections cancel out the distortion of the right-handed low-pass sections

• Switched-line

• Applications: UWB beam steering

• Distortion: undistorted and TTD

• Vector summing

• Number of effective bits, if digital [bit]

• Biasing: current-driven, high-voltage electrostatic [mA, V]

• DC power consumption [mW]

• Distortion: group velocity dispersion (GVD) [ps2/nm]

• Gain [dB] if active, loss [dB] if passive

• Linearity: IP3, P1dB [dBm]

• Phase shift / noise figure [°/dB] (phase shifter) or time delay / noise figure [ps/dB] (TTD phase shifter)

• Power handling [mW, dBm]

• Reliability [cycles, MTBF]

• Size [mm2]

• Switching time [ns]

cite-note-11. ↑ Microwave Solid State Circuit Design, 2nd Ed., by Inder Bahl and Prakash Bhartia, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 12)

cite-note-22. ↑ RF MEMS Theory, Design and Technology by Gabriel Rebeiz, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 (Chapter 9-10)

cite-note-33. ↑ Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th Ed., by John Volakis, McGraw-Hill, 2007 (Chapter 21)

cite-note-44. ↑ Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Ed., by R. C. Hansen, John Wiley & Sons, 1998

cite-note-55. ↑ Phased Array Antenna Handbook, 2nd Ed., by Robert Mailloux, Artech House, 2005

cite-note-66. ↑ Phased Array Antennas by Arun K. Bhattacharyya, John Wiley & Sons, 2006

cite-note-77. ↑ Microwave Phase Shifter Archived 2003-03-27 at the Wayback Machine information from Herley General Microwave

• "Phase Shifters", Microwaves101.com

• Microwave Phase Shifter information from Herley General Microwave

• [1] A low cost electro-mechanical phase shifter design, including a brief summary of solid state methods @ www.activefrance.com